Bare Acts – Indian Law Knowledge Center
Welcome to the most comprehensive Bare Acts resource on Indian law. This knowledge center covers landmark legislation with chapter-wise breakdowns, plain-English summaries, key Supreme Court and High Court judgments, FAQs, and practical compliance checklists — designed for lawyers, law students, and businesses.
Browse the Bare Acts A–Z
Use the alphabetical index to find every Act currently published in this Bare Acts knowledge center.
Constitutional Law
Constitution of India, 1950
The Constitution of India, with a linked Table of Contents covering its Parts, Articles and Schedules.
Criminal Law
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS)
India’s new substantive criminal code, replacing the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Covers 358 sections across 20 chapters dealing with offences against the state, human body, property, and more.
- 20 Chapters | 358 Sections
- Replaces: Indian Penal Code, 1860
- Effective: 1 July 2024
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS)
India’s new criminal procedure code, replacing the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Governs arrest, bail, trial, sentencing, and criminal justice administration.
- 531 Sections | 5 Schedules
- Replaces: CrPC, 1973
- Effective: 1 July 2024
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)
India’s new law of evidence, replacing the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Consolidates the rules on relevancy of facts, documentary and electronic evidence, burden of proof, estoppel, and examination of witnesses for fair trial.
- 170 Sections | 12 Chapters | 1 Schedule
- Replaces: Indian Evidence Act, 1872
- Effective: 1 July 2024
National Security & Anti-Terrorism Law
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA)
India’s principal anti-terrorism and unlawful-association law. Governs the declaration and adjudication of unlawful associations, offences and penalties for unlawful and terrorist activities, forfeiture of proceeds of terrorism, the notification and denotification of terrorist organisations and individuals, and special investigation, bail and procedural provisions administered largely through the National Investigation Agency.
- 67 Sections (incl. 16A, 18A, 18B, 22A–22C, 24A, 43A–43F, 51A) | 7 Chapters | 4 Schedules
- Act No. 37 of 1967
- Amended: most recently by the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019 (28 of 2019)
The Official Secrets Act, 1923
India’s principal anti-espionage law. Governs penalties for spying, unauthorised entry into or communication about prohibited places, wrongful communication of official information, unauthorised use of uniforms and forgery of official documents, interference with police or armed forces personnel guarding prohibited places, harbouring spies, search warrants, and restrictions on the trial of offences under the Act.
- 16 Sections (Section 16 repealed) | Consolidating Act
- Act No. 19 of 1923
- Amended: most recently by Act 24 of 1967
Narcotics & Drug Control Law
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS Act)
India’s principal law consolidating and amending the law relating to narcotic drugs, with stringent provisions for control and regulation of operations relating to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Governs prohibition, licensing and regulation of narcotics; graduated offences and penalties keyed to small, intermediate and commercial quantity (including enhanced punishment and death penalty on repeat conviction); search, seizure and arrest powers; a dedicated Chapter VA regime for forfeiture of illegally acquired property through a competent authority and Appellate Tribunal; and Special Courts for speedy trial.
- 83 Sections (incl. 7A, 7B, 8A, 9A, 25A, 27A, 27B, 31A, 32A, 32B, 36A–36D, 50A, 52A, 53A, 57A, 64A, 68A–68Z, 74A) | 6 Chapters (incl. IIA, VA) | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 61 of 1985
- Amended: most recently by the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 2014 (16 of 2014)
Election Law
The Representation of the People Act, 1950
Provides for the allocation of seats in, and delimitation of constituencies for elections to, the House of the People and State Legislatures, the qualifications of voters, the preparation and revision of electoral rolls, and the manner of filling seats in the Council of States allotted to Union territories. Establishes the offices of Chief Electoral Officer, District Election Officer and Electoral Registration Officer, and governs delimitation orders, electoral college composition, and offences relating to electoral rolls.
- 56 Sections (incl. 3A, 7A, 8A, 9A, 9B, 13A–13CC, 13D, 20A, 25A, 27A–27K) | 8 Parts | 4 extant Schedules
- Act No. 43 of 1950
- Amended: most recently by the Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 2021
The Representation of the People Act, 1951
India’s principal statute governing the conduct of elections to the Houses of Parliament and to the House or Houses of the Legislature of each State, the qualifications and disqualifications for membership of those Houses, corrupt practices and other electoral offences, and the resolution of election disputes.
- 170 Sections (incl. lettered sections such as 5A, 8A, 11A, 33A, 61A, 116A–116C, 126A, 126B, 135A–135C, 146A–146C, 151A) | 11 Parts (incl. IVA, VA)
- Act No. 43 of 1951
- Enacted: 17 July 1951
Corporate & Commercial Law
Companies Act, 2013
The principal legislation governing incorporation, management, and winding up of companies in India. Administered by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
- 470 Sections | 7 Schedules
- 29 Chapters
- Effective: 1 April 2014 (in phases)
The Indian Partnership Act, 1932
Defines and amends the law of partnership in India. Governs the nature of partnership, mutual rights and duties between partners, the relations of partners to third parties (implied authority and liability for the firm’s acts), incoming and outgoing partners, dissolution of a firm and settlement of accounts, and the registration of firms — including the important bar on unregistered firms suing to enforce contractual rights.
- 74 Sections | 8 Chapters | 2 Schedules
- Act No. 9 of 1932
- Amended: extensive State Amendments (Maharashtra, Goa, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan, Gujarat)
The Sale of Goods Act, 1930
Defines and amends the law relating to the sale of goods in India. Governs formation of the contract of sale (conditions, warranties, and implied undertakings as to title, description, quality, fitness and sample), the passing of property and risk between seller and buyer, transfer of title including exceptions to the nemo dat rule, performance and delivery, the unpaid seller’s rights of lien, stoppage in transit and re-sale, and remedies for breach — the foundational statute underlying most Indian commercial sales transactions.
- 66 Sections (incl. 64A) | 7 Chapters
- Act No. 3 of 1930
- Effective: 1 July 1930
Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008
Provides for the formation and regulation of limited liability partnerships (LLPs) in India, a hybrid business form combining partnership flexibility with corporate limited liability. Governs incorporation, partner relations, extent of liability, financial disclosures, investigation, conversion from firms and companies, and winding up.
- 76 Sections | 14 Chapters | 4 Schedules
- Act No. 6 of 2009
- Amended: Limited Liability Partnership (Amendment) Act, 2021
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
Governs domestic and international arbitration and conciliation proceedings in India, based on the UNCITRAL Model Law. Key legislation for commercial dispute resolution.
- 87 Sections | 3 Parts
- Based on: UNCITRAL Model Law
- Amended: 2015, 2019, 2021
Designs Act, 2000
Consolidates and amends the law relating to protection of industrial designs in India. Governs registration of designs, copyright conferred on registration, remedies for piracy of registered designs, and the powers of the Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks.
- 48 Sections | 11 Chapters
- Replaces: Designs Act, 1911
- Effective: 11 May 2001
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
Provides for the registration and protection of geographical indications relating to agricultural, natural, manufactured and handicraft goods in India. Establishes the Geographical Indications Registry, governs registration and opposition procedure, infringement, offences and penalties, and rectification of the register.
- 87 Sections | 9 Chapters
- Regulator: Geographical Indications Registry (Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks)
- Effective: 15 September 2003
Alternative Dispute Resolution Law
The Mediation Act, 2023
India’s comprehensive mediation law, promoting and facilitating institutional, pre-litigation, community and online mediation for civil and commercial disputes. Provides for the enforcement of mediated settlement agreements as court decrees, establishes the Mediation Council of India, and makes consequential amendments to the Contract Act, CPC, Arbitration and Conciliation Act, Companies Act, Commercial Courts Act and Consumer Protection Act.
- 65 Sections | 11 Chapters | 10 Schedules
- Act No. 32 of 2023
- Assented: 14 September 2023; key provisions effective 9 October 2023
Competition Law
Competition Act, 2002
Establishes the Competition Commission of India to prevent practices having an adverse effect on competition, promote and sustain competition in markets, protect the interests of consumers, and ensure freedom of trade in India. Governs anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, regulation of combinations (mergers and acquisitions), and the Commission’s powers, penalties, and appellate structure.
- 66 Sections (incl. 6A, 21A, 29A, 42A, 43A, 48A–48C, 53A–53U, 59A, 64A, 64B) | 9 Chapters
- Act No. 12 of 2003
- Amended: most recently by the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023
Intellectual Property Law
The Patents Act, 1970
Consolidates and amends the law relating to patents in India. Governs patentability, the application, examination, opposition and grant process, patentee rights, compulsory licensing, Government use and acquisition of inventions, infringement remedies, the patent agent profession, and India’s international patent arrangements including the Patent Cooperation Treaty.
- 163 Sections (incl. 11A, 11B, 92A, 104A, 107A, 117A–117H, 124A, 124B, 157A) | 23 Chapters
- Act No. 39 of 1970
- Amended: most recently by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2026
The Trade Marks Act, 1999
Consolidates and amends the law relating to trade marks in India. Provides for registration and better protection of trade marks for goods and services, governs rights conferred by registration, infringement and passing off, assignment and licensing through registered users, collective and certification marks, protection through international registration under the Madrid Protocol, rectification of the register, and offences and penalties. Repealed the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958.
- 159 Sections (incl. 36A–36G, 89A, 112A, 112B) | 13 Chapters (incl. Chapter IVA) | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 47 of 1999
- Amended: most recently by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023; the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021 abolished the IPAB and transferred its jurisdiction to the High Courts
The Copyright Act, 1957
Consolidates and amends the law relating to copyright in India. Governs the works in which copyright subsists, ownership and assignment of copyright, term of copyright, compulsory and statutory licences, copyright societies, rights of broadcasting organisations and performers, registration, infringement, civil remedies, and offences.
- 79 Sections | 15 Chapters
- Act No. 14 of 1957
- Amended: most recently by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2026
The Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act, 2000
Provides for the protection of semiconductor integrated circuits layout-designs (topographies) in India, giving effect to Section 6 of Part II of the TRIPS Agreement. Governs registration of layout-designs, prohibition of registration of non-original or previously commercially exploited designs, infringement and rights conferred by registration, assignment and transmission, registered users, the Layout-Design Appellate Board, and offences and penalties.
- 96 Sections | 10 Chapters
- Act No. 37 of 2000
- Assented: 4 September 2000; implements TRIPS Agreement obligations on Layout-Design (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits
Explore Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act →
Information Technology & Cyber Law
The Information Technology Act, 2000
India’s principal legislation on electronic commerce, digital and electronic signatures, and cybercrime. Provides legal recognition for electronic records and contracts, regulates Certifying Authorities and the Appellate Tribunal, defines computer-related offences and cyber terrorism, sets out intermediary liability and safe-harbour rules, and empowers the Government to intercept, block and monitor information for security and public order.
- 94 Sections (incl. 3A, 6A, 7A, 10A, 40A, 43A, 52A–52D, 66A–66F, 67A–67C, 69A, 69B, 70A, 70B, 72A, 77A, 77B, 79A, 81A, 84A–84C) | 13 Chapters + Chapter XIIA | 2 Schedules
- Act No. 21 of 2000
- Amended: most recently by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023
Financial & Banking Law
Banking Regulation Act, 1949
The principal legislation governing banking companies and co-operative banks in India. Empowers the Reserve Bank of India to license banks, regulate capital, shareholding, management and business conduct, control loans and advances, and oversee suspension, winding up and amalgamation of banks.
- 56 Sections | 5 Parts + Sub-Parts | 5 Schedules
- Regulator: Reserve Bank of India
- Amended: most recently by the Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025
State Bank of India Act, 1955
Constituted the State Bank of India and transferred to it the undertaking of the Imperial Bank of India, to extend banking facilities on a large scale, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. Governs the Bank’s share capital, management through a Central Board and Local Boards, the business it may transact, funds and accounts, and audit.
- 57 Sections | 8 Chapters | 5 Schedules (3 repealed)
- Act No. 23 of 1955
- Amended: most recently by the Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
Established the Reserve Bank of India as India’s central bank, entrusted with the issue of currency, the keeping of reserves to secure monetary stability, and the operation of the country’s currency and credit system. Governs the Bank’s incorporation and management, central banking functions including note issue and Government banking, regulation of non-banking financial companies, and the inflation-targeting monetary policy framework administered through the Monetary Policy Committee.
- Sections 1–61 | Chapters I–V (incl. IIIA–IIIF) | 2 extant Schedules
- Act No. 2 of 1934
- Amended: most recently by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2026
The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992
Establishes the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and regulate, the securities market. Governs SEBI’s constitution and powers, registration of stock-brokers and other market intermediaries, prohibition of insider trading and fraudulent trade practices, a graded penalty and adjudication regime, the Securities Appellate Tribunal, and offences prosecuted through Special Courts.
- 35 Sections (incl. 7A, 11A, 11AA, 11B–11D, 12A, 15A–15Z series, 20A, 24A, 24B, 26A–26E, 28A–28C, 34A) | 7 Chapters (incl. VA, VIA, VIB)
- Act No. 15 of 1992
- Amended: most recently by the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021
The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956
Prevents undesirable transactions in securities by regulating the business of dealing in them. Governs recognition, corporatisation and demutualisation of stock exchanges, prohibition of unregulated contracts and options in securities, listing and delisting of securities with appeals to the Securities Appellate Tribunal, a graded penalty and adjudication regime for market intermediaries and stock exchanges, and offences and penalties for illegal dealings.
- Sections 1–31 (incl. 2A, 4A, 4B, 7A, 8A, 12A, 13A, 18A, 21A, 22A–22F, 23A–23O, 27A, 27B, 29A) | 4 Parts
- Act No. 42 of 1956
- Amended: most recently by the Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2004
Depositories Act, 1996
Provides the legal framework for dematerialisation of securities in India, enabling electronic book-entry ownership and transfer in place of paper share certificates. Governs the rights and obligations of depositories, participants, issuers and beneficial owners, the SEBI penalty and adjudication regime, appeals to the Securities Appellate Tribunal, and offences.
- Sections 1–31 (incl. 19A–19J, 22A–22G, 23A–23G) | 5 Chapters
- Act No. 22 of 1996
- Amended: most recently by the International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019
The Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007
Provides for the regulation and supervision of payment systems in India and designates the Reserve Bank of India as the authority for that purpose. Governs authorisation of payment systems, the Reserve Bank’s regulatory and supervisory powers, rights and duties of system providers, settlement finality and netting, dispute resolution, and offences and penalties including for dishonour of electronic funds transfers.
- Sections 1–38 (incl. 10A, 23A, 34A, 34B) | 8 Chapters
- Act No. 51 of 2007
- Amended: most recently by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999
Consolidates and amends the law relating to foreign exchange, with the objective of facilitating external trade and payments and promoting the orderly development and maintenance of the foreign exchange market in India. Governs dealing in and holding of foreign exchange, current and capital account transactions, export realisation and repatriation, authorised persons, contraventions and penalties, adjudication and appeal through Special Directors (Appeals) and the Appellate Tribunal, and the Directorate of Enforcement’s powers of search and seizure, including special provisions on assets held outside India.
- 49 Sections (incl. 14A, 37A, 44A; Sections 20, 22, 24–26, 29–31 omitted) | 7 Chapters
- Act No. 42 of 1999
- Amended: most recently by the International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019; replaced the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973
The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
India’s principal law on promissory notes, bills of exchange and cheques. Defines the key instruments and parties, governs negotiation, presentment, payment, discharge, notice of dishonour, noting and protest, crossed cheques, and international conflict-of-laws rules, and includes the widely litigated Chapter XVII penalty regime for dishonour of cheques for insufficiency of funds.
- 148 Sections (incl. 45A, 75A, 85A, 104A, 131A, 142A, 143A) | 17 Chapters
- Act No. 26 of 1881
- Amended: most recently by the Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Act, 2018 (20 of 2018)
The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act)
Regulates securitisation and reconstruction of financial assets by asset reconstruction companies and enables secured creditors to enforce security interests without court intervention, provides for a Central Registry recording security interests over property, and governs the powers of the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate/District Magistrate in assisting possession, the Debts Recovery Tribunal appeal process, and offences and penalties.
- Sections 1–42 (incl. 5A, 12A, 12B, 17A, 18A–18C, 20A, 20B, 26A–26E, 30A–30D, 31A) | 6 Chapters (incl. IVA) | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 54 of 2002
- Amended: most recently by the Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act, 2016 (44 of 2016)
The Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993
Provides for the establishment of Debts Recovery Tribunals and Appellate Tribunals for expeditious adjudication and recovery of debts due to banks and financial institutions, and for insolvency resolution and bankruptcy of individuals and partnership firms. Governs Tribunal composition and jurisdiction, the application and written-statement procedure before the Tribunal (including interim attachment and injunction powers), recovery certificates and modes of recovery by the Recovery Officer, appeals with mandatory pre-deposit, and priority of secured creditors over Government dues.
- 45 Sections (incl. 6A, 15A, 17A, 19A, 22A, 30A, 31A, 31B) | 6 Chapters
- Act No. 51 of 1993
- Amended: most recently by the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021; earlier substantially amended by the Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act, 2016 (44 of 2016)
Customs & International Trade Law
The Customs Tariff Act, 1975
Consolidates and amends the law relating to customs duties. Governs the rates of basic customs duty specified in the First and Second Schedules, additional (GST-equivalent) duty, protective duties, emergency powers to alter import and export duties, safeguard measures against injurious surges in imports, and the countervailing and anti-dumping duty regime against subsidised and dumped imports, including appeals to the Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal.
- 22 Sections (incl. 3A, 8A–8C, 9A, 9AA, 9B, 9C, 11A) | 2 Schedules (Import Tariff, Export Tariff)
- Act No. 51 of 1975
- Amended: most recently by the Finance Act, 2024; First Schedule revised annually via the Finance Act and by notification
The Central Excise Act, 1944
Consolidates and amends the law relating to central duties of excise. Governs levy and collection of duty, valuation of excisable goods, registration, offences and penalties, powers of Central Excise Officers including search, seizure and arrest, the Customs and Central Excise Settlement Commission, adjudication of confiscations and penalties, appeals to the Commissioner (Appeals) and Appellate Tribunal, and the Central Government’s rule-making powers.
- 131 Sections (incl. sub-sections 2A–38B) | 7 Chapters (incl. II-A, III-A, VI-B) | 4 Schedules
- Act No. 1 of 1944
- Amended: most recently by the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (Section 174)
The Customs Act, 1962
India’s principal statute governing the levy and collection of customs duties and the regulation of import and export of goods, replacing the Sea Customs Act, 1878 and the Land Customs Act, 1924. Governs officers of customs, prohibitions on import/export, valuation and assessment of duty, warehousing, drawback, baggage and postal/courier goods, coastal goods, search, seizure and arrest, confiscation and penalties, the Settlement Commission, appeals to the Commissioner (Appeals), Appellate Tribunal, High Court and Supreme Court, offences and prosecutions, and miscellaneous provisions including customs brokers, delegation of powers, and rule/regulation-making powers.
- 161 Sections (incl. lettered sections 11A–11N, 25A–25B, 26A, 27A, 28A–28BB, 30A, 41A, 51A, 58A–58B, 76A–76N, 98A, 99A, 106A, 108A–108B, 109A–110A, 114A–114AA, 122A, 127A–127N, 129A–131C, 138A–138C, 140A, 143AA, 146A, 151B, 154A–154B, 159A) | 17 Chapters (incl. IVA–IVC, VIIA, XIIA, XIVA) | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 52 of 1962
- Amended: most recently by the Finance Act, 2022; replaced the Sea Customs Act, 1878 and the Land Customs Act, 1924
The Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (CGST Act)
India’s principal domestic GST legislation, levying and collecting tax on intra-State supplies of goods and services. Governs registration, the levy and time/value of supply, input tax credit, returns and payment of tax, refunds, assessment, audit, inspection and search, demands and recovery, transitional migration from the old excise/VAT/service-tax regime, the GST Appellate Tribunal, offences and penalties, and anti-profiteering.
- 174 Sections (incl. 11A, 31A, 43A, 49A, 49B, 53A, 74A, 101A–101C, 122A, 122B, 128A, 148A, 158A, 168A) | 21 Chapters | 3 Schedules
- Act No. 12 of 2017
- Amended: most recently by the Finance Act, 2025 (7 of 2025)
Professional Regulation
Advocates Act, 1961
The principal legislation governing legal practitioners in India. Provides for State Bar Councils and the Bar Council of India, admission and enrolment of advocates, the right to practise, and professional conduct and discipline.
- 60 Sections | 7 Chapters
- Replaces: Indian Bar Councils Act, 1926
- Enacted: 19 May 1961
Apprentices Act, 1961
Regulates and controls the training of apprentices in designated trades across Indian industry. Governs contracts of apprenticeship, employer and apprentice obligations, stipends, and the Apprenticeship Councils and Advisers that administer the system.
- 38 Sections | 3 Chapters
- Covers: Trade, graduate, technician and vocational apprentices
- Enacted: 12 December 1961
Employment & Workplace Law
The Employee’s Compensation Act, 1923
Provides for the payment by certain classes of employers to their employees of compensation for injury by accident, including occupational disease, permanent or temporary disablement, and death. Governs the amount and method of computing compensation, notice and claim procedure, Commissioners for Workmen’s Compensation and their powers, appeals, and penalties for employer non-compliance, including the duty to inform employees of their rights.
- 36 Sections (incl. 4A, 10A, 10B, 14A, 15A, 15B, 17A, 18A, 22A, 25A) | 4 Chapters | 4 Schedules
- Act No. 8 of 1923; originally the Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923
- Amended: most recently by the Employee’s Compensation (Amendment) Act, 2017
The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020
Consolidates and amends thirteen Central labour enactments governing occupational safety, health and working conditions, including the Factories Act, Mines Act, Contract Labour Act, Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, and Building and Other Construction Workers Act. Governs registration of establishments, duties of employers and employees, occupational safety and health standards, welfare facilities, hours of work and leave, Inspector-cum-Facilitators, special provisions for contract labour, inter-State migrant workers, audio-visual workers, mines, beedi and cigar workers, building workers, factories and plantations, and offences and penalties.
- 143 Sections | 14 Chapters | 3 Schedules
- Act No. 37 of 2020
- Assented: 28 September 2020; replaces 13 earlier labour enactments including the Factories Act, 1948 and the Mines Act, 1952
The Industrial Relations Code, 2020
Consolidates and amends three Central labour enactments governing Trade Unions, standing orders, and industrial disputes: the Trade Unions Act, 1926, the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946, and the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. Governs Works Committees and Grievance Redressal Committees, registration and recognition of Trade Unions, standing orders certification, notice of change, voluntary arbitration, conciliation and adjudication of disputes through Industrial Tribunals and National Industrial Tribunals, strikes and lock-outs, lay-off, retrenchment and closure (with special prior-permission provisions for larger establishments), a worker re-skilling fund, unfair labour practices, and offences and penalties.
- 104 Sections | 14 Chapters | 3 Schedules
- Act No. 35 of 2020
- Assented: 28 September 2020; in force 21 November 2025; replaces 3 earlier labour enactments including the Trade Unions Act, 1926 and the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
Provides protection against sexual harassment of women at the workplace and mechanisms for prevention and redressal of complaints. Mandates Internal Complaints Committees and Local Complaints Committees, and lays down the complaint, conciliation, inquiry and appeal process.
- 30 Sections | 8 Chapters
- Act No. 14 of 2013
- Effective: 9 December 2013
The Code on Wages, 2019
Consolidates and amends four Central labour enactments relating to wages and bonus: the Payment of Wages Act, 1936, the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965, and the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976. Governs prohibition of gender discrimination in wages, fixation and payment of minimum wages and a national floor wage, timely payment of wages and authorised deductions, eligibility, calculation and payment of bonus out of allocable surplus, Central and State Advisory Boards, claims, disputes and audit, Inspector-cum-Facilitators, and offences and penalties.
- 69 Sections | 9 Chapters
- Act No. 29 of 2019
- Assented: 8 August 2019; commenced 18 December 2020 (in phases); replaces 4 earlier labour enactments including the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 and the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965
The Code on Social Security, 2020
Consolidates and amends nine Central labour enactments relating to social security: the Employee’s Compensation Act, 1923, the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948, the Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952, the Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959, the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, the Cine-Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1981, the Building and Other Construction Workers’ Welfare Cess Act, 1996, and the Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Act, 2008. Governs Employees’ Provident Fund and Employees’ State Insurance Corporation schemes, gratuity, maternity benefit, employees’ compensation, cess for building and construction workers, social security for unorganised, gig and platform workers, and finance, compliance and recovery provisions.
- 164 Sections | 14 Chapters | 7 Schedules
- Act No. 36 of 2020
- Assented: 28 September 2020; replaces 9 earlier labour enactments including the Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 and the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
Education Law
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (RTE Act)
Provides for free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in a neighbourhood school. Sets out the duties of the appropriate Government, local authorities, schools and parents, prohibits capitation fees, screening procedures, physical punishment and expulsion, mandates School Management Committees, teacher qualifications and Pupil-Teacher Ratios, and provides for a monitoring and grievance-redressal mechanism through the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights.
- 39 Sections | 7 Chapters | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 35 of 2009
- Amended: most recently by the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (Amendment) Act, 2019
Family & Child Welfare Law
Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956
Codifies the law relating to adoption and maintenance among Hindus. One of the four Hindu Code Bills, it governs who may adopt, who may be adopted, the requisites of a valid adoption, and the maintenance obligations owed to a wife, children, aged parents, a widowed daughter-in-law, and other dependants.
- 30 Sections | 4 Chapters
- Part of: The Hindu Code Bills, 1955–56
- Enacted: 21 December 1956
Guardians and Wards Act, 1890
The general law of guardianship in India, applicable across communities. Governs the appointment and declaration of guardians of the person and property of minors, their duties, rights and liabilities, and the termination of guardianship, operating alongside personal-law statutes.
- 53 Sections | 4 Chapters | 1 Schedule
- Applies to: All communities (general law)
- Enacted: 21 March 1890
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
Consolidates the law relating to children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection. Establishes the Juvenile Justice Board, Child Welfare Committee, and Central Adoption Resource Authority, and governs inquiry, rehabilitation, adoption, and offences against children.
- 112 Sections | 10 Chapters
- Replaces: Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000
- Amended: Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Act, 2021
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO)
Protects children from offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography, and provides for the establishment of Special Courts for speedy, child-friendly trial of such offences. Defines and punishes penetrative sexual assault, aggravated penetrative sexual assault, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, sexual harassment and use of children for pornographic purposes, and lays down protective procedures for reporting, recording of statements, medical examination and in-camera trial.
- 46 Sections | 9 Chapters | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 32 of 2012
- Amended: most recently by the POCSO (Amendment) Act, 2019
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Provides for more effective protection of the rights of women guaranteed under the Constitution who are victims of violence of any kind occurring within the family. Gives an aggrieved woman civil remedies — protection orders, residence orders, monetary relief, custody orders and compensation orders — alongside any criminal remedies otherwise available, and creates a machinery of Protection Officers, service providers, shelter homes and medical facilities to support her.
- 37 Sections | 5 Chapters
- Act No. 43 of 2005
- Effective: 26 October 2006
Special Marriage Act, 1954
Provides a special, secular form of civil marriage available to any two persons in India irrespective of religion, alongside registration of marriages celebrated in other forms, and matrimonial remedies including restitution of conjugal rights, judicial separation, nullity and divorce.
- 51 Sections | 8 Chapters | 5 Schedules
- Replaces: Special Marriage Act, 1872
- Enacted: 9 October 1954
Hindu Succession Act, 1956
Codifies the law of intestate succession among Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs, laying down uniform rules of inheritance for both male and female Hindus dying intestate. As amended in 2005, daughters became coparceners by birth in Mitakshara joint family property on the same footing as sons.
- 31 Sections | 4 Chapters | 1 Schedule
- Major reform: Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005
- Enacted: 17 June 1956
Indian Succession Act, 1925
Consolidates the law applicable to intestate and testamentary succession. The complete section index is arranged vertically, with separate links for the published section pages and links to all nine Schedules.
- 393 numbered provisions including lettered provisions such as Sections 33A and 236A
- Parts I–XI
- 9 Schedules
Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007
Provides more effective provisions for the maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens. Establishes Maintenance Tribunals and Appellate Tribunals for summary, lawyer-free adjudication of maintenance claims against children or relatives, empowers the State to void property transfers made conditional on care that was not provided, and mandates old age homes, medical support, and protective measures for senior citizens, alongside a criminal offence for abandonment.
- 32 Sections | 7 Chapters
- Act No. 56 of 2007
- Amended: most recently by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
Religious & Charitable Endowments Law
The Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency and Development Act, 1995
India’s principal law governing the creation, registration, survey, and administration of waqf (Islamic charitable endowment) properties. Formerly the Waqf Act, 1995, renamed and substantially amended by the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025. Governs the Central Waqf Council, State Waqf Boards and their composition, survey and registration of auqaf, mutawalli duties and removal, alienation and leasing restrictions on waqf property, Waqf Tribunals and appeals to the High Court, finance and audit of Boards, and offences and penalties for wrongful declaration or unauthorised transfer of waqf property.
- 113 Sections (incl. 3A–3E, 20A, 50A, 52A, 55A, 104A, 104B, 108B) | 9 Chapters
- Act No. 43 of 1995
- Amended: most recently by the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 (14 of 2025), w.e.f. 8 April 2025
Property Law
The Transfer of Property Act, 1882
The principal legislation governing transfer of property by act of parties in India (excluding transfer by operation of law). Governs the general law of transfers, restraints on alienation, perpetuity and vesting, sales, mortgages and charges, leases, exchanges, gifts, and transfers of actionable claims — the foundational statute underlying most Indian real-estate and conveyancing practice.
- 137 Sections (incl. 53A, 59A, 60A, 60B, 63A, 65A, 67A, 69A, 114A, 130A, 135A) | 8 Chapters | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 4 of 1882
- Effective: 1 July 1882; amended most substantially by the Transfer of Property (Amendment) Act, 1929
Indian Easements Act, 1882
Defines and codifies the law of easements and licenses in India. Governs the imposition, acquisition, transfer, exercise and disturbance of easements, their extinction, suspension and revival, and the creation, transfer and revocation of licenses over immovable property.
- 64 Sections | 6 Chapters
- Act No. 5 of 1882
- Effective: 1 July 1882
Registration Act, 1908
Consolidates the enactments relating to the registration of documents in India. Establishes the registration machinery of Inspectors-General, Registrars and Sub-Registrars, prescribes which documents require compulsory or optional registration, and governs the time, place and effects of registration, including its effect against unregistered and oral transactions.
- 91 Sections | 15 Parts
- Act No. 16 of 1908
- Effective: 1 January 1909
The Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988
Prohibits benami transactions and the right to recover property held benami. Empowers Initiating Officers, Approving Authorities and the Adjudicating Authority to attach, adjudicate and confiscate benami property, establishes an Appellate Tribunal and Special Courts, and criminalises benami transactions entered into to defeat the law, evade statutory dues, or defraud creditors.
- 72 Sections (incl. 2A, 54A, 54B, 55A; Sections 8–17 omitted) | 8 Chapters
- Act No. 45 of 1988
- Amended: most recently by the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2024
Civil Remedies & Injunctions Law
The Specific Relief Act, 1963
India’s principal law of civil remedies beyond damages. Governs recovery of possession of movable and immovable property, specific performance of contracts (including the 2018 shift toward mandatory enforcement and substituted performance through a third party), rectification, rescission and cancellation of instruments, declaratory decrees, and temporary, perpetual and mandatory injunctions — with special safeguards limiting injunctions against notified infrastructure projects.
- 46 Sections (incl. 14A, 20A–20C) | 8 Chapters | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 47 of 1963
- Amended: most recently by the Specific Relief (Amendment) Act, 2018 (18 of 2018)
Motor Vehicles & Road Transport Law
The Railways Act, 1989
Consolidates and amends the law relating to railways in India. Governs railway administration and Zonal Railways, the Rail Land Development Authority, Commissioners of Railway Safety, construction and maintenance of works, land acquisition for special railway projects, opening of railways, fixation of rates, the Railway Claims Tribunal, carriage of passengers and goods, carrier liability, accidents and compensation for death and injury to passengers, hours of work and rest for railway servants, and penalties and offences.
- 200 Sections (incl. 4A-4-I, 20A-20P, 124A, 180A-180G) | 16 Chapters (incl. IIA, IVA)
- Act No. 24 of 1989
- Amended: most recently by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023; replaced the Indian Railways Act, 1890
The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
The principal legislation governing road transport vehicles in India. Governs licensing of drivers and conductors, registration of motor vehicles, permits and control of transport vehicles, State transport undertakings, construction and maintenance standards, control of traffic, insurance against third-party risks, motor accident claims tribunals, and offences and penalties for traffic and road-safety violations.
- 257 Sections | 14 Chapters
- Act No. 59 of 1988
- Amended: most recently by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023; replaced the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939
The Inland Vessels Act, 2021
India’s unified framework for the registration, safety and operation of inland vessels, replacing the colonial-era Inland Vessels Act, 1917. Governs zones and administrative provisions, survey and registration of mechanically propelled vessels, manning and certification, special category vessels, navigation safety, prevention of pollution, wreck and salvage, liability and insurance, inquiries into casualty and accident, trade practices, pilotage, vessel detention and the Development Fund, offences and penalties, non-mechanically propelled vessels, and miscellaneous provisions.
- 114 Sections | 18 Chapters
- Act No. 24 of 2021
- Assented: 11 August 2021; commenced in phases from 16 February 2022; replaces the Inland Vessels Act, 1917
Environmental Law
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Provides for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution in India. Establishes the Central and State Pollution Control Boards, empowers them to declare air pollution control areas, regulate industrial plant consents, and set emission standards.
- 54 Sections | 7 Chapters
- Implements: Stockholm Declaration, 1972
- Enacted: 29 March 1981
Biological Diversity Act, 2002
Provides for the conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge. Establishes the National Biodiversity Authority, State Biodiversity Boards and Biodiversity Management Committees, and gives effect to India’s obligations under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol.
- Sections 1–65 (incl. 10A, 36A, 36B, 52A, 55A, 55B, 59A) | 12 Chapters
- Act No. 18 of 2003
- Amended: substantially by the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023, w.e.f. 1 April 2024
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
Provides for the conservation of forests by restricting the dereservation of reserved forests and the use of forest land for non-forest purposes without the prior approval of the Central Government. A short, five-section statute that has been central to India’s forest and environmental clearance regime for over four decades.
- 5 Sections
- Act No. 69 of 1980
- In force: 25 October 1980
The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
Provides for the establishment of a National Green Tribunal for the effective and expeditious disposal of civil cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources, including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment, and for giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property. The Tribunal applies the principles of sustainable development, the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle, and has original jurisdiction over disputes and appellate jurisdiction over orders under seven scheduled environmental statutes.
- 38 Sections (incl. 10A) | 5 Chapters | 3 Schedules
- Act No. 19 of 2010
- Amended: Finance Act, 2017; Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021; replaced the National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 and National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997
The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972
India’s principal wildlife conservation statute. Governs hunting prohibitions, protected areas (sanctuaries, National Parks, conservation and community reserves), the Central Zoo Authority and National Tiger Conservation Authority, the Wild Life Crime Control Bureau, trade and CITES-compliant international trade in endangered species, offences and penalties, and forfeiture of property derived from illegal hunting and trade.
- 167 Sections (incl. 5A–6A, 17A–17H, 18A–38XA, 40A–49R, 51A, 58A–58Y, 60A–62B) | 15 Chapters (incl. IIIA, IVA–IVC, VA, VB, VIA) | 4 Schedules
- Act No. 53 of 1972
- Amended: most recently by the Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022 (18 of 2022)
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Provides for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water. Establishes the Central and State Pollution Control Boards, governs consent for new industrial outlets and discharges, powers of entry, inspection and sampling of effluents, emergency measures against pollution of streams and wells, and a penalty regime for contravention, alongside offences for failure to obtain or comply with Board consent.
- 64 Sections (incl. 11A, 27A, 33A, 33B, 37A, 41A, 45A–45E) | 8 Chapters
- Act No. 6 of 1974
- Amended: most recently by the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 2024 (5 of 2024)
Health & Food Safety Law
Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006
Consolidates the law relating to food and establishes the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to lay down science-based standards for articles of food and regulate their manufacture, storage, distribution, sale and import, ensuring safe and wholesome food for human consumption.
- 101 Sections | 12 Chapters | 2 Schedules
- Regulator: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
- Effective: in phases, 2008–2011
The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
Regulates the import, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs and cosmetics in India. Governs standards of quality, misbranded/adulterated/spurious drugs and cosmetics, licensing of manufacture and sale, Government Analysts and Inspectors, penalties (including enhanced penalties where adulterated or spurious drugs cause death or grievous hurt), and a dedicated regulatory chapter for Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani drugs.
- 95 Sections (incl. Chapter IVA on Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani drugs) | 5 Chapters | 2 Schedules
- Act No. 23 of 1940
- Amended: most recently by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023; earlier substantially amended by the Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 2008
The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017
Provides for mental healthcare and services for persons with mental illness and protects, promotes and fulfils their rights during delivery of such care. Establishes the Central and State Mental Health Authorities and Mental Health Review Boards, sets out a comprehensive rights framework (access to care, community living, confidentiality, protection from cruel or degrading treatment), governs advance directives and nominated representatives, admission and treatment (including supported admission safeguards), prohibited procedures such as unmodified ECT and psychosurgery without consent, and decriminalises attempted suicide. Repeals the Mental Health Act, 1987, and aligns Indian law with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
- 126 Sections | 16 Chapters
- Act No. 10 of 2017
- Effective: 29 May 2018; repeals the Mental Health Act, 1987
The National Medical Commission Act, 2019
Constitutes the National Medical Commission to replace the Medical Council of India, providing for a medical education system that improves access to quality and affordable medical education, ensures adequate high-quality medical professionals across India, promotes equitable and universal healthcare, and maintains a National Register of licensed medical practitioners while enforcing high ethical standards in medical services.
- 61 Sections | 8 Chapters | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 30 of 2019
- Assented: 8 August 2019; replaces the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956
The Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010
Provides for the registration and regulation of clinical establishments across India, with a view to prescribing minimum standards of facilities and services. Establishes the National Council for Clinical Establishments and State Councils, governs district registering authorities, the two-stage provisional and permanent registration process, inspection and cancellation of registration, maintenance of District, State and National Registers, and a monetary penalty regime for non-registration and other contraventions.
- 56 Sections | 7 Chapters | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 23 of 2010
- Amended: most recently by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2026
Disability Rights Law
The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (RPWD Act)
Gives effect to India’s obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Governs equality and non-discrimination, legal capacity and limited guardianship, inclusive education, employment reservation and non-discrimination, social security and healthcare, registration of institutions, certification of specified disabilities, the Central and State Advisory Boards, the Chief Commissioner and State Commissioners for Persons with Disabilities, Special Courts, and offences and penalties including atrocities against persons with disabilities. Repeals and replaces the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.
- 102 Sections | 17 Chapters | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 49 of 2016
- Assented: 27 December 2016; effective 19 April 2017
Consumer & Trade Regulation
Consumer Protection Act, 2019
Replaces the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. Establishes the Central Consumer Protection Authority to regulate unfair trade practices and false or misleading advertisements, restructures the District, State and National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions, introduces mediation as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, and creates a dedicated product liability regime with civil and criminal remedies for consumers.
- 107 Sections | 8 Chapters
- Replaces: Consumer Protection Act, 1986
- Act No. 35 of 2019; Effective: in phases, 2020
Legal Metrology Act, 2009
Establishes and enforces standards of weights and measures based on the metric system, and regulates trade and commerce in weights, measures, and other goods sold or distributed by weight, measure or number. Repealed and consolidated the Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976 and its Enforcement Act, 1985.
- 57 Sections | 5 Chapters
- Replaces: Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976 & Enforcement Act, 1985
- Effective: 1 January 2011
Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 2016
Provides for the establishment of the Bureau of Indian Standards as India’s national standards body, for the harmonious development of standardisation, conformity assessment and quality assurance of goods, articles, processes, systems and services. Governs the Bureau’s constitution under a Governing Council, formulation and publication of Indian Standards, grant of licences and certificates of conformity for use of the Standard Mark (including Hallmark for precious metal articles), compulsory certification, search and seizure powers, penalties and appeals.
- 43 Sections | 5 Chapters
- Act No. 11 of 2016
- Replaces: Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986; effective 12 October 2017
Governance & Transparency Law
Right to Information Act, 2005
Sets out a practical regime for citizens to secure access to information held by public authorities, to promote transparency and accountability in government. Establishes the Central and State Information Commissions, prescribes the procedure for making and disposing of information requests, lists exemptions from disclosure, and provides for appeals and penalties for non-compliance.
- 31 Sections | 6 Chapters | 2 Schedules
- Replaces: Freedom of Information Act, 2002
- Effective: 15 June 2005 (fully in force 12 October 2005)
Anti-Corruption & Vigilance Law
Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
Provides for the establishment of a Lokpal for the Union and a Lokayukta for each State to inquire into allegations of corruption against public functionaries, including the Prime Minister, Ministers and members of Parliament. Governs the Lokpal’s composition, jurisdiction, Inquiry and Prosecution Wings, powers of search, seizure and attachment of assets, Special Courts, declaration of assets by public servants, and offences for false complaints.
- 63 Sections | 3 Parts | 15 Chapters
- Act No. 1 of 2014
- Effective: 16 January 2014; amended by Act 37 of 2016
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
The principal legislation criminalising bribery and corruption by public servants in India. Defines offences of a public servant being bribed and of bribing a public servant, criminal misconduct (misappropriation and disproportionate assets), and corporate liability for commercial organisations, and requires prior approval before investigating a public servant’s official recommendations or decisions.
- Sections 1–31 (incl. 7A, 17A, 18A, 29A) | 5 Chapters (incl. IVA)
- Act No. 49 of 1988
- Amended: most recently by the Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Act, 2018
Anti-Money Laundering Law
The Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, 2002
India’s principal anti-money-laundering statute. Defines the offence of money-laundering, provides for attachment, adjudication and confiscation of proceeds of crime through a Director, Adjudicating Authority and Appellate Tribunal, sets out KYC and record-keeping obligations for banking companies, financial institutions and other reporting entities, grants wide powers of survey, search, seizure and arrest, and establishes Special Courts with stringent bail conditions for trial of the offence.
- 75 Sections (incl. 11A, 12A, 12AA, 58A, 58B, 72A; Sections 27–34 omitted) | 10 Chapters | 1 Schedule (Parts A, B, C)
- Act No. 15 of 2003
- Amended: most recently by the Repealing and Amending Act, 2023 (18 of 2023)
Disaster Management & Emergency Law
Disaster Management Act, 2005
The principal legislation for effective management of disasters in India. Establishes the National, State and District Disaster Management Authorities, the National Executive Committee, National Crisis Management Committee and High Level Committee, the National Institute of Disaster Management, and the National/State Disaster Response Forces. Governs disaster planning at every level of government, response funds, offences and penalties, and miscellaneous powers including requisitioning and compensation.
- 79 Sections (incl. 8A, 8B, 41A, 44A, 60A, 76A) | 11 Chapters
- Act No. 53 of 2005
- Amended: most recently by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2026
Data Protection & Privacy Law
Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023
India’s first dedicated data privacy legislation. Governs the processing of digital personal data, sets out the obligations of Data Fiduciaries and the rights of Data Principals, and establishes the Data Protection Board of India to adjudicate breaches and impose penalties.
- 44 Sections | 9 Chapters | 1 Schedule
- Act No. 22 of 2023
- Assented: 11 August 2023; key provisions effective 13 November 2025
Real Estate Regulation Law
The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA)
Establishes the Real Estate Regulatory Authority to regulate and promote the real estate sector, ensure transparent sale of plots, apartments and buildings, and protect the interest of consumers. Governs prior registration of real estate projects and agents, the promoter’s disclosure and construction obligations, the seventy per cent escrow requirement for project funds, rights and duties of allottees, the Real Estate Regulatory Authority and Appellate Tribunal, offences and penalties, and the Central Advisory Council.
- 92 Sections | 10 Chapters
- Act No. 16 of 2016
- Assented: 25 March 2016; brought into force in phases from 1 May 2016
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